Consumer News: Big boots to fill: Why more kids are looking at careers in the trades

New research links daytime drowsiness and trouble falling asleep to blood pressure risk

• People with excessive daytime sleepiness were more likely to have high blood pressure than those without daytime sleepiness.

• The highest risk was seen in people who were both excessively sleepy during the day and took at least 30 minutes to fall asleep at night.

• Researchers say evaluating both daytime sleepiness and nighttime sleep difficulties may help identify people at greater cardiovascular risk.

Most people expect to feel a little sluggish after a poor night's sleep. But new research suggests that daytime drowsiness especially when it's paired with difficulty falling asleep at night may also be linked to a greater likelihood of high blood pressure.

Researchers from Penn State College of Medicine found that adults who reported excessive daytime sleepiness had higher odds of both existing hypertension and developing hypertension over time. The connection became even stronger among people who also took at least 30 minutes to fall asleep during an overnight sleep study.

Adults with excessive daytime sleepiness and prolonged sleep-onset latency appeared to represent a distinct subgroup with significantly greater cardiovascular risk, lead author Dr. Alexandros Vgontzas said in a news release.

Neither excessive daytime sleepiness on its own, nor prolonged sleep latency on its own, showed the same increased risk of hypertension.

How the study was conducted

The researchers analyzed data from 1,741 adults enrolled in the Penn State Adult Cohort. Every participant completed an eight-hour overnight sleep study, known as polysomnography, which objectively measured their sleep.

Excessive daytime sleepiness was identified through self-reports of moderate to severe daytime sleepiness or irresistible sleep attacks. Researchers also measured how long it took participants to fall asleep, defining prolonged sleep-onset latency as taking 30 minutes or longer to drift off.

To examine the development of high blood pressure over time, the team followed 786 participants who did not have hypertension at the beginning of the study for an average of 7.5 years.

The analyses accounted for numerous factors that could influence blood pressure, including age, sex, body mass index, race and ethnicity, smoking, caffeine and alcohol use, diabetes, depression, sleep apnea severity, total sleep time, and time spent awake after initially falling asleep.

What the findings mean

Compared with people who did not report excessive daytime sleepiness, those who did had 52% higher odds of already having hypertension and 74% higher odds of developing it during follow-up.

However, the greatest differences appeared when daytime sleepiness occurred alongside prolonged sleep-onset latency. In that group, the odds of existing hypertension were more than twice as high, while the odds of developing hypertension over time were more than three times higher.

According to the researchers, excessive daytime sleepiness combined with difficulty falling asleep may represent a distinct pattern that deserves closer attention during sleep evaluations.

They suggest that looking beyond sleep apnea alone and considering both daytime symptoms and nighttime sleep difficulties could help identify people who may have elevated cardiovascular risk and guide more targeted treatment approaches.

These findings suggest that evaluating excessive daytime sleepiness should extend beyond screening for sleep apnea alone, Dr. Vgontzas said. Assessing nighttime sleep difficulties and objective sleep measures such as prolonged sleep-onset latency may help identify patients with elevated cardiovascular risk and support more targeted treatment approaches.

Early diet may shape young brains in unexpected ways

• A new study found that children who ate more ultra-processed foods early in life had smaller volumes in several brain regions by age 6.

• Researchers did not find differences in the children's cognitive test performance despite the brain structure changes.

• The findings highlight a potential link between early diet and brain development, but they do not prove that ultra-processed foods directly caused the observed differences.

What young children eat may influence more than just their physical growth it could also be linked to how their brains develop.

A new study from researchers at Children's Hospital Los Angeles found that children who consumed more ultra-processed foods during infancy and early childhood had measurable differences in the size of several brain regions by age 6.

Ultra-processed foods are industrially manufactured products made with refined ingredients and additives designed to improve flavor, texture, or shelf life. Examples include some packaged baked goods, frozen meals, processed meats, and certain fast foods.

According to the researchers, these foods make up more than half of the calories consumed by many young children in the United States, making it important to better understand how they may affect early development.

Our findings suggest that what children eat early in life may shape brain development in ways were just beginning to understand, researcher Michael I. Goran, Ph.D., said in a news release.

Even without differences in cognitive performance, were seeing measurable changes in brain structure.

How the study was conducted

The study followed 144 Latino/Hispanic mother-child pairs from infancy through early childhood. Researchers collected detailed information about each child's diet at six months, 12 months, 24 months, and again at 72 months using repeated 24-hour dietary recalls.

When the children reached 6 years old, they underwent MRI scans so researchers could measure the size of several subcortical brain regions.

The children also completed age-appropriate cognitive assessments. Earlier evaluations measured language and motor skills, while later testing examined memory, attention, and processing speed. Throughout the study, researchers also tracked the children's height and weight.

What the findings mean

The researchers found that children with higher cumulative intake of ultra-processed foods had smaller volumes in several subcortical brain regions, including areas involved in reward, emotion, and motivation.

Specifically, every 10% increase in ultra-processed food intake was associated with nearly a 2% reduction in the volume of these brain structures.

Importantly, the study did not find differences in the children's cognitive performance. That means although researchers observed structural differences on brain scans, those changes were not reflected in the cognitive tests the children completed at age 6.

The authors say the findings suggest there may be a relationship between early dietary patterns and brain development, but more research is needed to determine exactly how these structural differences develop and whether they have any long-term effects.

Because this was an observational study, it cannot show that ultra-processed foods directly caused the brain differences. Future research will explore whether there are critical periods when diet has the greatest influence and what biological mechanisms may be involved.

We still have much to learn about how early dietary exposures influence the developing brain, Dr. Goran said. Identifying the underlying mechanisms will be important for understanding what these findings mean for long-term health.

Scientists are currently investigating whether sweeteners may influence blood sugar regulation

• Researchers are studying whether some low-calorie sweeteners may affect blood sugar control in unexpected ways.

• The study focuses on how sweeteners interact with the gut, including glucose absorption and gut bacteria.

• The findings could help explain why some sugar substitutes have been linked to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes in population studies.

Low-calorie sweeteners have long been marketed as a way to enjoy sweet foods and drinks without the extra sugar or calories. They're commonly found in diet sodas, sugar-free snacks and tabletop sweeteners, and many people choose them as an alternative to sugar.

Now, scientists at the University of Adelaide are taking a closer look at whether certain sugar substitutes could influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Previous large population studies have suggested that people who regularly consume low-calorie sweeteners may have a higher risk of the disease, but researchers say the biological reasons behind that association remain unclear.

In their latest study, thats set to be completed later this year, the team aims to uncover what may be happening inside the body.

Many people who are looking to manage their weight or sugar levels choose low-calorie sweeteners because they believe theyre healthier than sugar, Associate Professor Tongzhi Wu said in a news release. But while sweeteners were designed to replace sugar without the extra calories, growing evidence suggests they may not be as metabolically neutral as once thought.

In this study were trying to establish how sweeteners affect glucose absorption and excretion in the body, whether they alter the composition of gut bacteria and if these changes may influence diabetes risk.

What the study looks like

To investigate, the research team is examining how different low-calorie sweeteners interact with the digestive system.

Theyre exploring how various sweeteners affect the body's ability to regulate blood glucose, alter how glucose is absorbed in the intestine, and change the makeup of bacteria living in the gut. Researchers believe these three factors may play an important role in metabolic health.

Rather than assuming all sugar substitutes behave the same way, the study is designed to compare individual sweeteners to determine whether some have a greater effect than others.

By studying healthy adults under controlled conditions, the team hopes to better understand how these products influence glucose regulation and whether changes in the gut microbiome contribute to those effects.

Understanding the science

Investigators say their work could help explain why some observational studies have found a connection between regular sweetener use and type 2 diabetes.

If certain sweeteners affect glucose absorption or gut bacteria in ways that interfere with blood sugar control, it may provide a biological explanation for those earlier findings.

The ultimate goal is to identify which sweeteners may be less likely to affect blood sugar regulation, giving consumers and healthcare providers more evidence-based information when making dietary choices.

People often think of sweeteners as a simple swap for sugar, but the science isn't that straightforward, Professor Chris Rayner said in the news release. While these products can help reduce sugar intake, we still don't fully understand how they influence the bodys metabolism over the long term.

By comparing some of the worlds most used sweeteners, we hope to identify whether certain products affect the body differently and provide evidence that can help inform future dietary advice.

Three name-brand drugs are covered starting July 1

By Mark Huffman of ConsumerAffairs

• Medicare will begin covering certain GLP-1 weight-loss drugs on July 1 through a new temporary pilot program called the Medicare GLP-1 Bridge.

• Eligible beneficiaries will pay a flat $50 monthly copayment for approved medications including Wegovy, Zepbound, and Foundayo.

• The demonstration, scheduled to run through the end of 2027, marks the first time Medicare has broadly provided coverage for obesity medications prescribed specifically for weight loss.

Beginning July 1, millions of Medicare beneficiaries will have access to popular GLP-1 weight-loss medications under a new federal demonstration program that dramatically reduces the cost of the drugs for eligible seniors.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is launching the Medicare GLP-1 Bridge, a temporary pilot program that will provide qualifying Medicare Part D beneficiaries with certain GLP-1 medications for a flat $50 monthly copayment through Dec. 31, 2027.

The initiative represents a significant shift in Medicare policy. Until now, Medicare generally covered GLP-1 drugs such as Wegovy and Zepbound only when prescribed for conditions such as Type 2 diabetes or certain cardiovascular diseases not for obesity alone, because federal law excludes coverage of drugs used solely for weight loss.

CMS Administrator Dr. Mehmet Oz called the medications "a major medical advancement" when announcing the program, saying too many older Americans have been unable to afford them because of their high cost.

Who qualifies

The new program is available to eligible Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Part D prescription drug coverage who meet specific medical criteria and obtain prior authorization.

According to CMS, the program covers three medications:

• Wegovy (injectable and oral forms)

• Zepbound (KwikPen formulation)

• Foundayo (oral tablet)

The medications are intended for patients who meet body mass index (BMI) requirements and other clinical eligibility standards established by CMS.

A temporary demonstration

Unlike traditional Medicare drug coverage, the GLP-1 Bridge operates outside the normal Part D benefit. CMS is using a centralized system to process prior authorizations, pharmacy claims, and payments, allowing beneficiaries to access the medications regardless of which Part D plan they have.

The agency says the demonstration is designed to test a new approach to expanding access to obesity treatments while gathering data on costs, utilization, and health outcomes before considering longer-term policy changes.

GLP-1 medications have become some of the most sought-after prescription drugs in recent years because clinical trials have shown they can produce substantial weight loss while also improving health outcomes for many patients with obesity.

However, physicians caution that older adults require careful monitoring. Side effects can include gastrointestinal problems, and experts warn that seniors may face increased risks of muscle loss, frailty, and malnutrition if treatment is not paired with adequate nutrition and physical activity.

Healthcare providers also emphasize that the medications are most effective when combined with lifestyle changes, including improved diet and regular exercise.