Consumer News: E-cigarettes may have a bigger role in helping smokers quit

GAP coverage, extended warranties, and other add-ons may be rolled into your auto loan and you could be paying interest on them

• You may be financing coverage you forgot about: 71% of borrowers couldn't recall whether their loan includes GAP or an extended warranty.

• Dig out your loan paperwork: Check what add-ons you bought, what they cost, what they cover, and whether you still need them.

• Don't focus only on the monthly payment: Review your APR and total interest to see what your car loan is really costing you.

You probably know your monthly car payment. But do you know everything you're actually paying for inside that payment?

A new Caribou survey of 2,000 U.S. drivers with active auto loans found 71% couldn't recall whether their loan includes GAP insurance, and the same percentage didn't know whether they're paying for a vehicle service contract, commonly called an extended warranty.

That's worth checking because these products can add to the amount you finance, which means you could also be paying interest on them.

Grab your car paperwork and take a look. Here's exactly what to look for.

Find your original sales contract

Start with the paperwork from the day you bought the vehicle, particularly your retail installment sales contract and documents covering optional products.

Look for terms such as GAP, Guaranteed Asset Protection, vehicle service contract (VSC), extended warranty, maintenance plan, tire and wheel protection, or theft protection.

If you financed one of these products, its cost may have been rolled into your loan.

Pro tip: Can't find your paperwork? Contact the dealership's finance department and request copies of your signed purchase and finance documents. Get the paperwork so you can see exactly what you bought and what it cost.

Figure out what you're paying for

Finding GAP or a service contract doesn't automatically mean you made a bad purchase. GAP generally protects borrowers if a financed vehicle is totaled or stolen and the insurance payout is less than what's still owed.

A vehicle service contract is different. It may cover certain mechanical repairs, subject to exclusions, deductibles, and other conditions.

Caribou's survey found plenty of confusion around GAP: 38% of borrowers incorrectly believe regular auto insurance automatically covers the difference between their vehicle's value and what they owe.

So don't just ask whether you have coverage. Find out what it covers, what it cost, and when it expires.

Check whether you still need GAP

GAP can be particularly useful early in a loan when you owe considerably more than the vehicle is worth. But that situation can change.

Find your current loan payoff amount and compare it with a reasonable estimate of your vehicle's current value.

If your car is worth $24,000 but you owe $31,000, GAP could potentially protect against that $7,000 difference if the vehicle is totaled depending on your policy.

If your car is worth $24,000 and you owe $18,000, it's worth reviewing whether the coverage still benefits you.

Don't cancel based solely on an online vehicle estimate. Check the terms of your particular coverage first.

Pro tip: Put a yearly reminder on your calendar called "Do I still need GAP?" As your loan balance falls, check whether you're still upside down.

Read that "extended warranty"

If you discover that you bought a vehicle service contract, find the actual contract.

Check what's covered, what's excluded, your deductible, when coverage expires, and where repairs can be performed.

Then find the cancellation and refund section.

Depending on the agreement, some service contracts may allow cancellation and a prorated refund.

Before canceling, however, make sure you understand the protection you'd be giving up. One major covered repair could potentially be worth considerably more than the remaining refund.

Find out where a refund would go

Here's an easy detail to overlook. If you financed an optional add-on and later cancel it, don't automatically expect a check.

Depending on the contract and loan, a refund could instead be applied to your outstanding loan balance.

While that can still save you money, it may not lower your monthly payment. Instead, it could reduce your balance and potentially shorten the time until payoff.

So before canceling, ask the provider exactly how much you'd receive, where the refund goes, and how it affects your loan.

While you're there, check your interest

There's one more number worth finding while you have your loan documents open: Total interest.

Caribou found 70% of borrowers know their exact monthly payment, but only 25% could recall the total interest they'll pay over the loan's life. Just 43% knew their APR.

And 38% said the total interest was higher than they'd expected.

That's why focusing solely on the monthly payment can be misleading. A longer loan can lower the payment while increasing how much the car ultimately costs you.

From fake deals to convincing security alerts, scammers are looking for ways to turn holiday shopping into a costly mistake

• Watch for fake retail websites, steep discounts, and unusual payment requests that can signal a Labor Day shopping scam.

• Be skeptical of urgent texts and account security alerts, especially those asking you to click a link, share sensitive information, or provide a verification code.

• Shop directly through retailers websites or apps and use protected payment methods, such as credit cards, to reduce your risk of losing money.

Labor Day weekend can be a great time to score a deal, but shoppers arent the only ones paying attention.

As consumers browse sales, respond to promotional messages, and place online orders, scammers are looking for opportunities to steal money or personal information. Fake websites, too-good-to-be-true offers, phishing texts, and even convincing account security alerts can make it difficult to tell a legitimate shopping message from a scam.

To help consumers shop more safely this Labor Day, ConsumerAffairs spoke with Ira Bondar-Mucci, Fraud Expert at Veriff, about the biggest shoppers should know about, the red flags that can give them away, and what consumers can do to protect themselves.

The most common

How can consumers spot these amid the sales? Bondar-Mucci broke it all down.

Urgent, steep discounts associated with limited time sale periods like Labor Day give bad actors a cover to deploy fraud at scale, she said. Fraudsters often deploy lookalike retail websites of name brands that lure shoppers in with steep markdowns, typically about 70-90% off their standard pricing.

Some things to look out for:

• A misspelled web domain

• A slightly altered URL (extra words, hyphens, or an unusual ending like .shop or .top in place of the brands real address).

• Poor website design

• Broken links

• Limited contact information

• Pressure to act immediately

One caution: dont treat the padlock icon or https as proof a site is safe fraudsters routinely obtain valid certificates, so a secure connection is not the same as a trustworthy seller, Bondar-Mucci said.

She also suggests being vigilant at checkout. Watch for the flow breaking away from the site you started on. Fraudulent checkout flows may pressure shoppers to pay with an unusual payment method like cryptocurrency, gift card, or wire transfer that offers limited consumer protection and makes money recovery difficult, she said.

More check-out red flags: unexpected changes at the time of purchase additional charges, changes to the merchant's name, requests to re-enter payment information through a separate pop-up or link, or a missing verification step where your bank would normally prompt you.

Promo texts can hide fraud

In addition to retail websites and checkout, Bondar-Mucci wants consumers to be aware of the potential for fraud in promo texts or account security prompts. The biggest thing to keep in mind here: scammers love to exploit urgency.

Texts containing threats urging immediate action to prevent an account being locked, requests to verify an account with sensitive information, or confirmations of a credit card through an unprompted link should be considered suspicious, she said. Legitimate companies should not ask for your password or to complete a one-time authentication code through an unsolicited message. If anyone ever asks you to read back a code that was just texted to you, that is the attack full stop.

She also warns about texts that include exclusive flash sales or too-good-to-be-true promotions like free gifts or steep discounts. These often prompt consumers to pay a shipping fee or submit information through a link are another common fraud tactic.

One caution Id add: the old advice to watch for spelling and grammar mistakes is no longer reliable, Bondar-Mucci said. Generative AI has made scam messages clean and well written, so a polished, error-free text is not evidence its genuine focus instead on the sender, whether the links real destination matches the brand, and any pressure to act before you can think.

Go directly to the retailer

With plenty of sales to take advantage of for Labor Day, consumers shouldnt be afraid to shop. Instead, Bondar-Mucci says vigilance is key, and sometimes taking a few extra steps can save you an expensive headache later.

I recommend consumers buy directly from a brand website or app rather than clicking on social media ads, emails, or text messages, she said. Be skeptical of deals that seem too good to be true, because they usually are. Promotions offering 70-90% discounts on name brands can signal a fraudulent website, so compare prices with established retailers before purchasing.

I also recommend using payment methods like credit cards that have strong dispute protections when shopping online sales. Alternative forms of payment like cryptocurrency, wire transfers, or gift cards are ideal for fraudsters, and being prompted to complete a transaction with one of these methods is cause for suspicion.

Some more habits that can go a long way to protect against scammers:

• Turn on multi-factor authentication an authenticator app or passkey is far stronger than an SMS code.

• Use a unique password per retailer through a password manager.

• Consider a virtual or one-time card number so no single site ever holds your real card.

• Turn on transaction alerts, so you can see a fraudulent charge in minutes rather than on next months statement.

• And if youre concerned your data may already be circulating from a breach, a credit freeze is the most effective way to stop it being used to open accounts in your name.

Bad actors will almost always create a sense of urgency to get consumers to act without thinking, Bondar-Mucci said. It is never that urgent. Shoppers should take a step back and look for red flags before completing a purchase.

Never give away any personal or financial information to unrecognizable sites. If something feels off, stop the transaction and contact the retailer or financial institution using a phone number or website you locate independently.

Thomas Built Buses is this week's sole auto recall

New research suggests two brain chemicals involved in the stress response can have very different effects on obesity

• Researchers identified two chemical messengers released by the same stress-responsive brain cells that appear to play different roles in weight regulation.

• In animal models, changing the release of either messenger affected the development of obesity when the animals ate a high-fat, high-calorie diet.

• The findings could help researchers better understand how the brain and stress response are connected to obesity, although more research is needed.

Stress can affect how much we eat and how our bodies regulate weight, but scientists are still working to understand exactly how those processes are connected in the brain.

New research from McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston offers a closer look at that relationship. The study focused on a group of brain cells called corticotropin-releasing hormone, or CRH, neurons. These neurons are involved in the body's response to stress through a system known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

What makes the findings especially interesting is that these neurons release two different chemical messengers: CRH and glutamate. Researchers wanted to find out whether each one might have a different effect on body weight and the development of obesity.

How did the researchers study it?

The researchers used animal models in which they could increase or decrease the release of CRH or glutamate from adult CRH neurons. This approach was different from some earlier research, which altered CRH or its receptors during embryonic development.

According to the researchers, working with adult neurons helped them avoid potential developmental complications and allowed them to focus more directly on the normal functions of these brain cells in regulating body weight and the stress-response system.

The team then observed what happened when the animals ate either a standard diet or a high-fat, high-calorie diet. They specifically looked at how changing the release of the two chemical messengers affected body weight and the development of diet-induced obesity.

What did they find?

The changes made to the brain cells did not affect body weight when the animals ate a standard diet. The results were different when the animals consumed the high-fat diet.

Reducing glutamate release from CRH neurons or increasing CRH release led to severe diet-induced obesity. On the other hand, reducing CRH or increasing glutamate release did not significantly affect the development of obesity.

The findings also challenged an established understanding of the body's stress-response system. Researchers found that removing CRH or glutamate release caused only mild changes in corticosterone levels, even though CRH has traditionally been considered essential to activity in this system.

For consumers, the research doesn't mean that stress directly causes obesity or that changing these brain chemicals is a treatment. Instead, it offers another piece of the puzzle. The researchers' next step is to identify the neurons that receive glutamate signals from CRH neurons and determine how those pathways contribute to diet-induced obesity.