Consumer News: Labor Day shopping are everywhere — here’s what to watch for

GAP coverage, extended warranties, and other add-ons may be rolled into your auto loan and you could be paying interest on them

• You may be financing coverage you forgot about: 71% of borrowers couldn't recall whether their loan includes GAP or an extended warranty.

• Dig out your loan paperwork: Check what add-ons you bought, what they cost, what they cover, and whether you still need them.

• Don't focus only on the monthly payment: Review your APR and total interest to see what your car loan is really costing you.

You probably know your monthly car payment. But do you know everything you're actually paying for inside that payment?

A new Caribou survey of 2,000 U.S. drivers with active auto loans found 71% couldn't recall whether their loan includes GAP insurance, and the same percentage didn't know whether they're paying for a vehicle service contract, commonly called an extended warranty.

That's worth checking because these products can add to the amount you finance, which means you could also be paying interest on them.

Grab your car paperwork and take a look. Here's exactly what to look for.

Find your original sales contract

Start with the paperwork from the day you bought the vehicle, particularly your retail installment sales contract and documents covering optional products.

Look for terms such as GAP, Guaranteed Asset Protection, vehicle service contract (VSC), extended warranty, maintenance plan, tire and wheel protection, or theft protection.

If you financed one of these products, its cost may have been rolled into your loan.

Pro tip: Can't find your paperwork? Contact the dealership's finance department and request copies of your signed purchase and finance documents. Get the paperwork so you can see exactly what you bought and what it cost.

Figure out what you're paying for

Finding GAP or a service contract doesn't automatically mean you made a bad purchase. GAP generally protects borrowers if a financed vehicle is totaled or stolen and the insurance payout is less than what's still owed.

A vehicle service contract is different. It may cover certain mechanical repairs, subject to exclusions, deductibles, and other conditions.

Caribou's survey found plenty of confusion around GAP: 38% of borrowers incorrectly believe regular auto insurance automatically covers the difference between their vehicle's value and what they owe.

So don't just ask whether you have coverage. Find out what it covers, what it cost, and when it expires.

Check whether you still need GAP

GAP can be particularly useful early in a loan when you owe considerably more than the vehicle is worth. But that situation can change.

Find your current loan payoff amount and compare it with a reasonable estimate of your vehicle's current value.

If your car is worth $24,000 but you owe $31,000, GAP could potentially protect against that $7,000 difference if the vehicle is totaled depending on your policy.

If your car is worth $24,000 and you owe $18,000, it's worth reviewing whether the coverage still benefits you.

Don't cancel based solely on an online vehicle estimate. Check the terms of your particular coverage first.

Pro tip: Put a yearly reminder on your calendar called "Do I still need GAP?" As your loan balance falls, check whether you're still upside down.

Read that "extended warranty"

If you discover that you bought a vehicle service contract, find the actual contract.

Check what's covered, what's excluded, your deductible, when coverage expires, and where repairs can be performed.

Then find the cancellation and refund section.

Depending on the agreement, some service contracts may allow cancellation and a prorated refund.

Before canceling, however, make sure you understand the protection you'd be giving up. One major covered repair could potentially be worth considerably more than the remaining refund.

Find out where a refund would go

Here's an easy detail to overlook. If you financed an optional add-on and later cancel it, don't automatically expect a check.

Depending on the contract and loan, a refund could instead be applied to your outstanding loan balance.

While that can still save you money, it may not lower your monthly payment. Instead, it could reduce your balance and potentially shorten the time until payoff.

So before canceling, ask the provider exactly how much you'd receive, where the refund goes, and how it affects your loan.

While you're there, check your interest

There's one more number worth finding while you have your loan documents open: Total interest.

Caribou found 70% of borrowers know their exact monthly payment, but only 25% could recall the total interest they'll pay over the loan's life. Just 43% knew their APR.

And 38% said the total interest was higher than they'd expected.

That's why focusing solely on the monthly payment can be misleading. A longer loan can lower the payment while increasing how much the car ultimately costs you.

New guidance says doctors should include nicotine vapes in smoking-cessation conversations

• A new JAMA paper says nicotine e-cigarettes should be part of conversations about quitting cigarettes.

• Researchers reviewed existing evidence on e-cigarettes and smoking cessation and developed guidance for clinicians.

• The authors say e-cigarettes can be less harmful than cigarettes and more effective for quitting than FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapies.

For people trying to quit smoking, there are plenty of options to consider from nicotine patches and gum to prescription medications. Now, a group of tobacco researchers says nicotine e-cigarettes deserve a more prominent place in those conversations.

A new special communication published in JAMA recommends that clinicians discuss nicotine e-cigarettes alongside other evidence-based treatments for adults who currently smoke cigarettes. The authors say existing evidence indicates that e-cigarettes with nicotine are less harmful than traditional cigarettes and have been more effective for smoking cessation than FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapies.

The recommendation doesn't mean e-cigarettes are risk-free. Instead, the authors argue that conversations about quitting should give smokers a clearer picture of the potential benefits and risks of each available treatment.

Cigarette smoking causes about 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States and most people want to quit but struggle to do so, researcher Eleanor Leavens, Ph.D., said in a news release. Adding clear guidance on ecigarettes gives clinicians a practical tool that can help people move away from combustible tobacco and toward better health.

How researchers developed the guidance

This wasn't a clinical trial in which smokers were assigned to different treatments. Instead, the paper was developed by a working group within the Treatment Research Network of the international Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

The researchers' goal was to summarize the existing evidence surrounding nicotine e-cigarettes and smoking cessation and use that evidence to develop practical recommendations for clinicians. They focused on two areas: how doctors can discuss e-cigarettes as part of shared decision-making about smoking-cessation treatments and how e-cigarettes can be used in practice to help people quit.

The group also addressed what it describes as misconceptions about the risks of e-cigarettes and offered questions clinicians can use when talking with patients about their options.

What this means for smokers

The paper's main recommendation is straightforward: Doctors should include nicotine e-cigarettes when discussing evidence-based ways to quit smoking.

The authors point to evidence that nicotine e-cigarettes can help people stop smoking and say they can reduce the harms associated with cigarette smoking when used as a quitting tool. At the same time, the guidance is intended for adults who currently smoke cigarettes not as a recommendation for people who don't smoke to start vaping.

For consumers who are trying to quit, the takeaway is that e-cigarettes may be worth discussing with a healthcare professional alongside other smoking-cessation options. The authors emphasize patient-centered conversations, meaning the choice of treatment should take into account the individual smoker's circumstances, preferences, and needs.

This work is about correcting misperceptions that act as barriers to evidence-based care for smokers and expanding the tools clinicians can use to support smoking cessation among their patients, Dr. Leavens said. There is no single approach that will help all smokers quit, but by providing patients with a menu of options and engaging in a risk-benefit conversation, providers will ensure patients have a better chance of quitting for good and improving their overall health.

Thomas Built Buses is this week's sole auto recall

New research suggests two brain chemicals involved in the stress response can have very different effects on obesity

• Researchers identified two chemical messengers released by the same stress-responsive brain cells that appear to play different roles in weight regulation.

• In animal models, changing the release of either messenger affected the development of obesity when the animals ate a high-fat, high-calorie diet.

• The findings could help researchers better understand how the brain and stress response are connected to obesity, although more research is needed.

Stress can affect how much we eat and how our bodies regulate weight, but scientists are still working to understand exactly how those processes are connected in the brain.

New research from McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston offers a closer look at that relationship. The study focused on a group of brain cells called corticotropin-releasing hormone, or CRH, neurons. These neurons are involved in the body's response to stress through a system known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

What makes the findings especially interesting is that these neurons release two different chemical messengers: CRH and glutamate. Researchers wanted to find out whether each one might have a different effect on body weight and the development of obesity.

How did the researchers study it?

The researchers used animal models in which they could increase or decrease the release of CRH or glutamate from adult CRH neurons. This approach was different from some earlier research, which altered CRH or its receptors during embryonic development.

According to the researchers, working with adult neurons helped them avoid potential developmental complications and allowed them to focus more directly on the normal functions of these brain cells in regulating body weight and the stress-response system.

The team then observed what happened when the animals ate either a standard diet or a high-fat, high-calorie diet. They specifically looked at how changing the release of the two chemical messengers affected body weight and the development of diet-induced obesity.

What did they find?

The changes made to the brain cells did not affect body weight when the animals ate a standard diet. The results were different when the animals consumed the high-fat diet.

Reducing glutamate release from CRH neurons or increasing CRH release led to severe diet-induced obesity. On the other hand, reducing CRH or increasing glutamate release did not significantly affect the development of obesity.

The findings also challenged an established understanding of the body's stress-response system. Researchers found that removing CRH or glutamate release caused only mild changes in corticosterone levels, even though CRH has traditionally been considered essential to activity in this system.

For consumers, the research doesn't mean that stress directly causes obesity or that changing these brain chemicals is a treatment. Instead, it offers another piece of the puzzle. The researchers' next step is to identify the neurons that receive glutamate signals from CRH neurons and determine how those pathways contribute to diet-induced obesity.